高蛋白,真的安全嗎? - 健身
By Zenobia
at 2017-02-20T07:11
at 2017-02-20T07:11
Table of Contents
增肌減脂都吃高蛋白,這樣真的安全嗎?
這問題要討論的點在於 1) 胃腸吸收蛋白質的能力, 2) 肝臟代謝蛋白質的能力。傳統建
議攝取量為(0.8g/kg/day),這是身體最基本需求,並且忽略蛋白質可能會被用來當燃料使
用的前提。極端的高蛋白飲食,建議高達(5g/kg/day)的蛋白質量,這可能會超出肝臟能代
謝的能力,導致產生過多的氨影響肝臟功能。極端的高蛋白飲食(舉例來說,占35%以上熱
量),可能會引起胺基酸過高、氨濃度過高、胰島素過高、噁心、腹瀉、甚至蛋白質中毒(
長期吃兔肉,導致餓死的特殊案例)。因此,我們建議蛋白質攝取量為(2-2.5g/kg/day),舉
例來說,80kg的成人,建議攝取176克的蛋白質量。這個數字遠低於理論安全值範圍
(285-365g/day)。
高蛋白飲食的好處?
1) 間接少吃碳水,這可使卡路里減少,並且對血糖控制有好處, 2) 有利於增長肌肉。
許多運動員會攝取(1.2-1.8g/kg/day)蛋白質量,對於健美選手,甚至會攝取至(2.0-5.0g/kg/day)的蛋白質量。
這麼多的蛋白質,身體能代謝嗎?
攝取後的蛋白質,會分解成胺基酸,胺基酸衍生的廢物(氨)會藉由肝臟代謝成尿素,但是
氨至尿素(尿素循環)的傳換是有效率上限的。換句話說,當攝取量超過極限,肝臟會無法
代謝氨,這將導致血液中氨濃度過高而影響健康(高血氨症)。理論上,根據肝臟合成尿素
的效率,每日最大蛋白質攝入量(80kg成人),可達到325g蛋白質(範圍285至365g),在這範圍內,不會出現高氨血症和高氨基酸血症等問題。當然,這水平不是我們所倡導的,並且沒有理由去攝取如此大量的蛋白質。因此,對於80kg的成人,每天285g蛋白質應該被視為絕對最大值。
蛋白攝入過多的危險,最著名的故事,是早期美國探險家食用過多兔肉,而導致營養不良
(兔肉飢荒)。其中症狀包括,噁心、腹瀉,然後在2至3週內死亡。這說明肝臟無法代謝過
量的蛋白質,但其實是非常罕見的案例。另外有研究指出,當大量攝取蛋白質時,胃腸消
化速度會降低,以確保肝臟有能力去代謝胺基酸。但這種身體自我保護的機制,很難研究
其保護的極限。
另一個著名故事,是20世紀初的北極探險家Vilhjalmur Stefansson,他多年在北極生活,長年以蛋白質作為50%以上的熱量來源,返回紐約後,計畫對自己進行一年的實驗。在這段時間,他一個72.5公斤的人,三餐只吃肉,蛋白質攝入量為264g/day。才開始3天,就出現“兔肉飢荒”的症狀,這時蛋白質占的熱量為45.3%。醫院立刻將蛋白質攝取量降低並增加脂肪攝取,在第四和第五天,症狀就消失。
這麼多的蛋白質,身體能吸收嗎?
身體對蛋白質的吸收程度與速率,事實上非常難測量。目前已知的吸收效率包含,酪蛋白
、乳清、牛奶、豌豆、雞蛋、和大豆。
牛奶: 3.5g/h
豌豆: 3.5g/h
雞蛋: 2.9g/h (熟) 1.4g/h (生)
大豆: 3.9g/h
乳清: 10g/h
酪蛋白: 6g/h
是否吸收率越高越好呢?
有研究指出,吸收率高的蛋白質,雖然提供更多的胺基酸,可刺激體內的肌肉(蛋白質)
合成,但同時的也導致很多胺基酸氧化而浪費。以酪蛋白與乳清蛋白相比,酪蛋白可維持
血液中更多非氧化的胺基酸(亮氨酸濃度),比快速吸收的乳清提供更好的蛋白質平衡。
蛋白質對內分泌有影響嗎?
攝取蛋白質會刺激 1)胰島素與 2)升糖素(促進糖質新生、脂肪分解)。
研究指出,長期(六個月)攝取1.8g/kg/day的蛋白質量,空腹升糖素會比普通人(0.74/kg/day)高34%。
吸收了這麼多蛋白質,都變成肌肉了嗎?
研究指出,高蛋白飲食(1.87/kg/day)中,會有40%的蛋白質轉化成葡萄糖(糖質新生)。糖
質新生是非常正常的過程,並非身體缺乏能量才會產生。唯一可以阻止糖質新生的條件,
就是碳水攝取量要夠高。
另外,胺基酸也是肝臟的主要燃料,貢獻約為肝臟每日耗氧量的一半。
最後,是刺激肌肉成長,在兩組運動員中,攝取(2.5g/kg/day)的組別,肌肉分解減少,肌肉合成對比於(1g/kg/day)的組增加63%。
值得一提的是,運動過程中充足的碳水是很重要的,碳水可以提供丙酮酸(可形成高能量化合物ATP),並且預防肌肉蛋白通過糖質新生而分解。雖然高蛋白飲食有諸多好處,但進行高強度的訓練時,因提高蛋白攝取而缺乏足夠的碳水,可能會損傷肌肉。
高蛋白飲食還有甚麼好處嗎?
蛋白質比脂肪或碳水具有更大的熱效應(消化蛋白質更消耗熱量),更有飽足感,因此被用
來作為主要的減肥策略
所以重點是甚麼?
蛋白質的吸收率,會因食物而不同,好比,雞蛋(1.4g/h)、大豆(3.9/h)、乳清蛋白
(10g/h)。另外,並不是吸收率越高越好,酪蛋白(6g/h)或是少量多餐的方式使用乳清蛋
白(控制在7g/h),其實更容易達到身體胺基酸的平衡(相較於一次使用大量乳清,來的更
好)。這說明理論上身體可消化大量的蛋白質,但仍需技巧去最佳化身體的吸收率。另一
方面,以肝臟代謝蛋白質的能力來說,最大的蛋白質攝取量的安全值為(285g/day)*,但
我們並不推薦將身體逼迫到極限。
對於健身,我們建議最低的碳水攝取為(120-150g/day),這是考量攝取正常食物的情況,
蛋白質平均吸收率只有(4g/h),而脂肪的吸收率是在(14-18g/h)。因此,當運動需要大量熱量的情況下,缺少葡萄糖做為燃料,可能導致肌肉分解(糖質新生)來維持運動強度。
* 數據中,若是沒有出現kg,都是以80kg成人為例
--
[1] A review of issues of dietary protein intake in humans.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16779921
--
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